| Home | E-Submission | Sitemap | Login | Contact Us |  
top_img
J. Korean Ceram. Soc. > Volume 55(1); 2018 > Article
Li, Zhang, Zhao, He, and Duan: Manufacturing of Ultra-light Ceramsite from Slate Wastes in Shangri-la, China

Abstract

The physical and chemical analyses of mineral waste such as moisture content, water absorption, freezing-thawing resisting sexual, chemical composition and crystal structure were investigated. In the technological process of crushing, screening, molding, drying, preheating, sintering and cooling, many parameters were changed to eliminate the influence of freeze thaw stability and the ball billets were processed into slate ceramsites eventually. Adopting orthogonal experiment and range analysis, the optimal technology parameters were confirmed as preheating temperature of 300°C for 25 minutes and sintering temperature of 1230°C for 20 minutes. Slate wastes in Shangri-la could foam and expand without any additive. The ultra-light ceramsite could be directly used as building aggregate, since the analysis results of its leaching toxicity were eligible. Besides, effects of sintering temperature on physical property and crystal phase were also explored in this study.

1. Introduction

For the sake of tourism landscape recovery and ensuring the Tibetans’ living safety, the roof reconstruction project obtained a central budget authorization approved by Yunnan Development and Reform Commission, in which color steel tile roof would be replaced by slate tiles. Toward the end of 2015, Stone Industrial Development and Investment Co., Ltd. of Diqing Development and Investment Group delivered the project while still leaving abundant slate wastes in Shangri-la. Filling up the pit with slate wastes or used for road headstone aren’t the most cost-effective ways, the enterprise thus entrusted us with research on resource utilization.
Because of its multi-functional characteristics of low density, high porosity, high cylindrical compress strength, good heat-insulating performance-corrosion resistance and good freezing resistance,1,2) ceramsite has been widely used in architecture,3,4) environmental protection,5) metallurgical,6) chemical,7) agriculture,8) traffic9) and other domains. Slate ceramsites with excellent performances are thus expected to be manufactured primarily, since the slate powders itself are far better than that of sludge, coal gangue, municipal solid waste, etc. Whereas Shangri-la owns unique climate and geographical conditions, the moisture content and freezing thawing stability are distinctly different from that of other diggings and the existing sintered experience show its certain limitations. And eliminated the ill effects of freeze thaw stability through appropriate roasting process, the properties of slate ceramsites are happily proved to be superior to sludge ceramsite,10,11) lytag,12) municipal solid waste ceramsite,13) lime mud ceramsite,14) and clay ceramsite. 15)

2. Experimental Procedure

2.1. Raw materials

Confirmed by the Diqing Comprehensive Inspection Center of Quality and Technical Supervision, the average of natural moisture content, initial water absorption and saturated percent sorption are 0.07, 0.2 and 0.23%, respectively. The test results of rock frost resistance are both listed in Table 1, in which, Lf and Kf are on behalf of freezing-thawing mass loss rate and coefficient separately; Rs and Rf represent uniaxial compression strength of saturated rock before and after the experiment, while R̄s and R̄f are the corresponding averages; pretest-posttest saturated qualities are sequentially replaced by ms and mf ; Ps and Pf successively stand for failure loads of saturated samples before and after freezing-thawing; we have As and Af instead of cross-sectional area perpendicular to the loading direction.
The raw materials were dried in thermostatic drum wind drying oven (WFO-420W, purchased from Tokyo Rikakikai Co., Ltd., Japan) at 80°C for about 120 min, and after cooled down to room temperature, they were crushed up into 2 mm particles by XPC-100X150 jaw crusher supported by the National Engineering Research Center-Waste Resource Recovery (NERC-WRR). The further fracturing process of these particles was conducted by double roll crusher (2PG-ϕ200 × 125, provided by the NERC-WRR), and the cutting diameter could reach at 0.841 mm (i.e. 20 mesh). Employing quick compression sample pulverizer (KER-F100A, provided by the NERC-WRR), the raw materials were finally comminuted into finer powder and passed through the standard sieve (No: 100, 0.147 mm). As a rule of thumb, big fineness goes against the sintering and expanding of ceramsites, while small fineness increases the cost without a better effect. Before prilling raw materials, its crystal phase was qualitatively analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) method. The peak positions of raw material are integrallty presented in Fig. 1, which illustrates that the sample includes but not limited to quartz, chlorite-serpentine, nimite, muscovite and illite. Based on the above analysis and a few statistical data supplied by the Yuntou Sci. & Tech. Ecological co., Ltd. of Yunnan, the slate powder was ultimately identified as salic light metasedimentary rock with lamellar texture.
The Rigaku ZSX-primus II X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) was adopted for the determination of raw materials, and the chemical compositions are shown in Table 2. It can be seen from the three phases diagram of Reliy composition of baking ceramsite (Fig. 2) that this slate composition completely met the requirements of expansive clay (SiO2: 48 - 70%, Al2O3: 8 - 25% and Flux: 4.5 - 31%) as stated by Riley,16) since the sample component located precisely in the shaded area. SiO2 and Al2O3 act as the skeleton ingredients while other oxides are regarded as fluxing ingredients, whereas Fe2O3 serves for fluxing ingredient as well as foaming agent.17,18) Besides, the raw materials also contain nickel oxide, which is precisely adhesive agent for ceramic and colorant of glass.

2.2. Theory and methods

Various bloating mechanisms associated with Fe compounds have been previously proposed, and the expansion of ceramsite was generally attributed to the decomposition reaction of iron oxides (especially the ferric oxide).19) It appears that the evaporation of free water and interstitial water exert an influence on the process of sintering and expanding, while the losing of crystal water from various minerals could also make certain contribution to the expansion. To describe a series of gas generation processes, some relevant chemical reaction equations were shown as follows: 10,20-21)
(1)
2Ferric oxideabove 1100°C4Ferrous oxide+oxygen
(2)
Ferric oxide+Ferrous oxideFerroferric oxide
(3)
6Ferric oxideabove 1150°C4Ferrous oxide+oxygen
(4)
2Ferroferric oxideabove 1100°C6Ferrous oxide+oxygen
The burning expansion mechanism presented in recent years includes both inchoate dynamic balance and upper static balance. Because internal pressure was much larger than the liquid surface tension in the early stages, the gases lay in dynamic equilibrium between effusion and suppression of the aqueous phase, and abundant micropores formed inside the ceramisite. However, the liquid phase and surface tension increased sharply with temperature rising in the latter period, and thus the gas evolution suffered a strong inhibition which would lead to the expansion.19) According to the demand of ceramsite property, the time of inchoate dynamic balance need to be extended, while the time of upper static balance should be cut down.
Manual granulating process was selected to prill the preprocessed raw materials, which required us to keep the surface of ball billet smooth without obvious cracks, and the distribution of particle size was limited to 10 - 20 mm. Next, the small pelletized raw meals with smooth surface were manufactured into finished products in accordance with the orthogonal scheme. On the basis of multi-ingredient, orthogonal designing method was employed to determine the best manufacturing conditions. The schematic design is based on Table 3, in which the maximum sintering temperature is set at 1230°C, since the high temperature of 1250°C melts the ball billet in ten minutes. And disadvantages to this method are apparent in the increased complexity, operation effort and financial resources consuming.
According to GB/T 17431.2-2010,22) some physical properties of ceramsite (bulk density, grain density, 1h water absorption, expansion ratio, etc.) should be measured to verify the ceramsite quality. And corresponding values were derived based on specific calculation formulas.23)

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Orthogonal experiment and range analysis

Having selected the factors and levels, orthogonal experiment was strictly designed and operated in the light of Table 4. The test results of four performance indexes were also given in this form after calculating. Analysis of means and variances were conducted afterwards to optimize the experiment factors,24) and analysis results emerged from Table 5. It is concluded that the primary and secondary order of the influence of the four factors selected in this experiment on the ceramisite properties is as follows: sintering temperature, sintering time, preheating temperature and preheating time, except for some subtle differences lying in the influence on 1 h water absorption that preheating time abnormally surpassed preheating temperature. The compressive strength, the maximum compressing force that a sinter can withstand before it breaks,25) was the principal factor to determine the most suitable product among various propriety tests for the ceramsite. But to simplify the experiment operation and save the measurement cost, the compressive strength would be tested only when these four performance indexes had already reached the standard.26) The compressive strength among multiple samples in group 10 reached 4.8 MPa, which completely fit the ultra-light ceramsite. And the optimal craft group was thus certified as A2B3C4D3 (i.e. No.10 in Table 4). Taking full account of experimental conditions, economical efficiency, made operable and practical, the optimal sintering process was eventually established and exhibited in Fig. 3.

3.2. Effect of sintering temperature on physical property

As demonstrated in Fig. 4, the grain density decreased all the time (1477 - 762 Kg·m−3), when the sintering temperature increased from 1100 to 1230°C. This tendency could be attributed to coactions of the following two aspects: on the one hand, the exhaust of chemical combined water and decomposition of iron oxide under high temperature reduced the mass of feedstock; on the other hand, part of escaping gases were bound by the surface tension of thermoplastic pellet, which gradually bring about formation of bubbles, inflation of pellets, enlarging of bulk and the final decrease of grain density. Analogously, the bulk density dropped marginally (758 - 729 Kg·m−3) with the temperature going up to 1150°C, and then fall off obviously.
Figure 5 indicates that the 1 h water absorption of sintered ceramsite presented a rapid decrease (12.1 - 5.1%) before sintering temperature reached 1200°C, and then it went up slightly. The enamel layer on the pellet surface came into being and then the porosity dropped in explanation of water absorption reduction in the early stage. The upper increase might be attributed to the collapse of ceramsite resulting from excessive fusion which might further result in compulsory gas escape, and it’s precisely the formation of these surface pores that caused the slight rise of water absorption. In terms of the expansion ratio, it was easy to understand its gradual increase (32 - 50%) all along the temperature rising.

3.3. Effect of sintering temperature on crystal phase

The Fig. 6 vividly reveals the changes on crystal phase of grogs at different sintering temperatures. The characteristic peaks of alkaline silicates (i.e. chlorite, nimite, muscovite and illite) vanished at the sintering temperatures of 1100°C while quartz’s still exist, which is due to its higher crystallinity and more complete polymorph than other crystal phases. The quartz took on polymorphism forms of αquartz, α-SiO2 or other unclear forms at 1100°C, while the alkaline silicate turned to glass phase with quartz after sintering. The peak intensity of quartz presented a significant weakening as the temperature rising from 1100°C to 1230°C, since quartz decomposed to amorphous substances during sustained heating process. These amorphous substances gained so high thermal energy that their lattice defect could adjust or eliminate. And thus chemical stability of ceramsite was improved, at the same time that the high-energy state transferred into low-energy state. It is obvious that most of the crystal phases at 1230°C exist in the form of oxides, such as Mg-Al-Ga oxide, Fe-Ni-Al oxide and Fe-Al oxide.

3.4. SEM analyses

Prepared under optimum conditions (preheated at 300°C for 25 min and sintered at 1230°C for 20 min), the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images were obtained from cross-sections of ultra-light ceramsite. Fig. 7(a) magnified 1000 times reveals the inner honeycomb texture of ultra-light ceramsite, which proves that the higher iron content should contribute to burn expansion of ultra-light ceramsite. And the porous structure caused from emission of swelling gases is one of the most critical influences on water absorption. Besides, the ultra-light ceramsites take on its surface topography in Fig. 7(b).

3.5. Leaching toxicity analyses

Adopting the method for analyzing the heavy metals from leaching solution of sludge ceramsite,27) the content of nickel in supernatant was measured by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Results indicated that nickel concentration in the leaching solution is less than 0.1 mg·L−1, which was considerably below the national standard (5 mg·L−1). In conclusion, it is environmentally safe to use ceramsite in civil and construction fields.

4. Conclusions

By means of crushing, screening, molding, drying, preheating, sintering and natural cooling to eliminate the impact of freeze thaw stability, slate wastes in Shangri-la ultimately foamed and expanded without any additive. The results of data calculation and graphical analysis indicate that the ceramsites we manufactured own excellent performance and pore texture, which completely meet the requirements of ultra-light ceramsite. The compressive strength reached up to 4.8 MPa, meanwhile, the precipitation of heavy metal ion was within limited parameters by ICP-AES. In addition, the optimal technology parameters of ultra-light ceramsite (dried at 110°C for 20 min, preheated at 300°C for 25 min and sintered at 1230°C for 20 min) were also determined in this article, and the sintering temperature was listed as the maximum influence by orthogonal experiment and range analysis. The crystal phases at 1230°C mainly exist in the form of oxides. On the whole, the slate ceramsites we made completely meet the requirements of building aggregate as well as large-scale manufacture, and the pilot experiment in industrial furnace is underway.

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2016M20152207018) and the Talent Launch Scientific Research Projects of Kunming University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 14118565).

Fig. 1
XRD patterns of raw material.
jkcs-55-1-36f1.gif
Fig. 2
The phase diagram of Reliy composition.
jkcs-55-1-36f2.gif
Fig. 3
Temperature rising curve of sintering ceramsites.
jkcs-55-1-36f3.gif
Fig. 4
Variation curves of grain density and bulk density.
jkcs-55-1-36f4.gif
Fig. 5
Variation curves of absorption and expansion ratio.
jkcs-55-1-36f5.gif
Fig. 6
Effect of sintering temperature on crystal phase.
jkcs-55-1-36f6.gif
Fig. 7
Images of ultra-light ceramsite (a) SEM and (b) appearance.
jkcs-55-1-36f7.gif
Table 1
The Determination of Rock Frost Resistance
Test items Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Average
Lf (%) 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.075
Rs (MPa) 147.6 124.5 123.3 133.8 138.4 137.9 -
Rf (MPa) 138.2 113.6 115.1 123.6 130.5 127.4 -
ms (g) 356.593 356.518 337.235 352.481 343.749 365.883 -
mf (g) 356.203 356.298 337.004 352.213 343.547 365.628 -
Ps (N) 370476 313118 306401 333162 345308 341303 -
Pf (N) 345500 286272 284873 308382 326120 317863 -
As (mm2) 2510 2515 2485 2490 2495 2475 -
Af (mm2) 2500 2520 2475 2495 2499 2495 -
Kf 0.9291 -
f (MPa) 124.733 -
s (MPa) 134.250 -
Table 2
Chemical Composition of Raw Materials
Composition SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Fe2O3 K2O+Na2O NiO Other
Mass fraction (%) 61.1 18.02 6.57 5.35 4.01 1.04 3.91
Table 3
Factors and Levels of Orthogonal Test
Factors Levels

1 2 3 4
Preheating temperature/°C (A) 200 300 400 500
Preheating time/min (B) 15 20 25 30
Sintering temperature/°C (C) 1100 1150 1200 1230
Sintering time/min (D) 10 15 20 25
Table 4
Design and Result of Orthogonal Experiment
No. A B C D Bulk density (kg·m−3) Grain density (kg·m−3) 1 h Water absorption (%) Expansion ratio (%)
1 1 1 1 1 887 1585 7.8 7
2 1 3 4 3 429 743 3.42 45
3 2 1 4 3 418 710 8.4 47
4 2 2 4 3 424 744 9.1 49
5 2 3 1 3 758 1477 12.1 32
6 2 3 2 3 729 1431 6.3 35
7 2 3 3 3 676 1230 5.1 41
8 2 3 4 1 647 1052 6.1 37
9 2 3 4 2 545 953 6.4 42
10 2 3 4 3 435 762 6.5 50
11 2 3 4 4 419 677 7.1 48
12 2 4 4 3 452 779.4 5.4 52
13 3 3 4 3 460 799 4.97 53
14 3 4 3 4 661 1227 9.6 20
15 4 2 2 2 832 1473 7.3 13
16 4 3 4 3 445 798.7 3.55 55
Table 5
Range Analysis of Four Performance Indexes
Physical Properties No. Factors

A B C D
Bulk density (kg·m−3) Average 1 658 652.5 822.5 767
Average 2 550.3 628 780.5 688.5
Average 3 560.5 554.3 668.5 522.6
Average 4 638.5 556.5 467.4 540
Range 107.7 98.2 355.1 244.4
Optimum A2 B3 C4 D3

Grain density (kg·m−3) Average 1 1164 1147.5 1531 1318.5
Average 2 981.54 1108.5 1452 1213
Average 3 1013 992.27 1228.5 947.41
Average 4 1135.85 1003.2 801.81 952
Range 182.46 155.23 854 371.09
Optimum A2 B3 C4 D3

1 h Water absorption (%) Average 1 5.61 8.1 9.95 6.95
Average 2 7.25 8.2 6.8 6.85
Average 3 7.285 6.154 7.35 6.484
Average 4 5.425 7.5 6.094 8.35
Range 1.86 2.046 3.856 1.866
Optimum A2 B3 C4 D3

Expansion ratio (%) Average 1 26 27 19.5 22
Average 2 43.3 31 24 27.5
Average 3 36.5 43.8 30.5 45.9
Average 4 34 36 47.8 34
Range 17.3 16.8 28.3 23.9
Optimum A2 B3 C4 D3

REFERENCES

1. J. Malaiskiene, M. Vaiciene, and R. Zurauskiene, “Effectiveness of Technogenic Waste Usage in Products of Building Ceramics and Expanded Clay Concrete,” Constr Build Mater, 25 [10] 3869-77 (2011).
crossref
2. Y. He, X. Zhang, YJ. Zhang, and Y. Zhou, “Effects of Particle Characteristics of Lightweight Aggregate on Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,” Constr Build Mater, 72 [15] 270-82 (2014).
crossref
3. HT. He, P. Zhao, QY. Yue, BY. Gao, DT. Yue, and Q. Li, “A Novel Polynary Fatty Acid/Sludge Ceramsite Composite Phase Change Materials and its Applications in Building Energy Conservation,” Renewable Energy, 76 45-52 (2015).
crossref
4. YW. Zhou, XM. Liu, F. Xing, HZ. Cui, and LL. Sui, “Axial Compressive Behavior of FRP-confined Light-weight Aggregate Concrete: An Experimental Study and Stress-Strain Relation Model,” Constr Build Mater, 119 1-15 (2016).
crossref
5. T. Bao, TH. Chen, CS. Qing, JJ. Xie, and RL. Frost, “Development and Application of Palygorskite Porous Ceramsite in a Biological Aerated Filter (BAF),” Desalin Water Treat, 57 [4] 1790-803 (2016).
crossref
6. YS. Liu, F. Du, L. Yuan, H. Zeng, and SF. Kong, “Production of Lightweight Ceramisite from Iron Ore Tailings and its Performance Investigation in a Biological Aerated Filter (BAF) Reactor,” J Hazard Mater, 178 [1-3] 999-1006 (2010).
crossref
7. SZ. Yuan, H. Lu, J. Wang, JT. Zhou, Y. Wang, and GF. Liu, “Enhanced Bio-decolorization of Azo Dyes by Quinone-functionalized Ceramsites under Saline Conditions,” Process Biochem, 47 [2] 312-18 (2012).
crossref
8. JJ. Wan, XM. Liu, PG. Kerr, CX. Wu, and YH. Wu, “Comparison of the Properties of Periphyton Attached to Modified Agro-waste Carriers,” Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 23 [4] 3718-26 (2016).
crossref pdf
9. X. Xie, D. Wang, D. Liu, X. Zhang, and M. Oeser, “Investigation of Synthetic, Self-sharpening Aggregates to Develop Skid-resistant Asphalt Road Surfaces,” Wear, 348 52-60 (2016).
crossref
10. DT. Yue, QY. Yue, BY. Gao, HT. He, H. Yu, SL. Sun, Q. Li, Y. Wang, and Y. Zhao, “Preparation and Bloating Mechanism of Porous Ultra-Lightweight Ceramsite by Dehydrated Sewage Sludge and Yellow River Sediments,” J Wuhan Univ Technol, 29 [6] 1129-35 (2014).
crossref
11. I. Merino, LF. Arevalo, and F. Romero, “Preparation and Characterization of Ceramic Products by Thermal Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ashes Mixed with Different Additives,” Waste Manage, 27 [12] 1829-44 (2007).
crossref
12. LH. Li, CW. Hu, XL. Dai, WJ. Jin, C. Hu, and F. Ma, “The Performance of a Biological Aerated Filter Loaded with a Novel Non-Sintered Fly-Ash Ceramsite as Pretreatment for Dual Membrane Processes,” Environ Technol, 36 [16] 2024-34 (2015).
crossref
13. C. Wang, and FS. Zhang, “Zeolite Loaded Ceramsite Developed from Construction and Demolition Waste,” Mater Lett, 93 380-82 (2013).
crossref
14. J. Qin, CM. Yang, C. Cui, JT. Huang, A. Hussain, and HL. Ma, “Ca2+ and OH− Release of Ceramsites Containing Anorthite and Gehlenite Prepared from Waste Lime Mud,” J Environ Sci, 47 91-9 (2016).
crossref
15. XL. Guo, YD. Yao, GF. Yin, YQ. Kang, Y. Luo, and L. Zhuo, “Preparation of Decolorizing Ceramsites for Printing and Dyeing Wastewater with Acid and Base Treated Clay,” Appl Clay Sci, 40 [1-4] 20-6 (2008).
crossref
16. CM. Riley, “Relation of Chemical Properties to the Bloating of Clays,” J Am Ceram Soc, 34 [4] 121-28 (1951).
crossref
17. IJ. Chiou, KS. Wang, CH. Chen, and YT. Lin, “Lightweight Aggregate Made from Sewage Sludge and Incinerated Ash,” Waste Manage, 26 [12] 1453-61 (2006).
crossref
18. HJ. Chen, SY. Wang, and CW. Tang, “Reuse of Incineration Fly Ashes and Reaction Ashes for Manufacturing Lightweight Aggregate,” Constr Build Mater, 24 [1] 46-55 (2010).
crossref
19. YL. Wei, JC. Yang, YY. Lin, SY. Chuang, and HP. Wang, “Recycling of Harbor Sediment as Lightweight Aggregate,” Mar Pollut Bull, 57 [6-12] 867-72 (2008).
crossref
20. XR. Wang, YY. Jin, ZY. Wang, RB. Mahar, and YF. Nie, “A Research on Sintering Characteristics and Mechanisms of Dried Sewage Sludge,” J Hazard Mater, 160 [2-3] 489-94 (2008).
crossref
21. I. Merino, LF. Arevalo, and F. Romero, “Characterization and Possible Uses of Ashes from Wastewater Treatment Plants,” Waste Manage, 25 [10] 1046-54 (2005).
crossref
22. “Lightweight Aggregates and its Test Methods-Part2: Test Methods for Lightweight Aggregates,” PRC National Standard NO. GB/T174312, (2010).

23. YF. Qi, QY. Yue, SX. Han, Y. Min, BY. Gao, H. Yu, and T. Shao, “Preparation and Mechanism of Ultra-light-weight Ceramics Produced from Sewage Sludge,” J Hazard Mater, 176 [1-3] 76-84 (2010).
crossref
24. J. Qin, C. Cui, XY. Cui, A. Hussain, and CM. Yang, “Preparation and Characterization of Ceramsite from Lime Mud and Coal Fly Ash,” Constr Build Mater, 95 10-7 (2015).
crossref
25. GR. Xu, JZ. Zou, and GB. Li, “Ceramsite Obtained from Water and Wastewater Sludge and its Characteristics Affected by (Fe2O3+CaO+MgO)/(SiO2+Al2O3),” Water Res, 43 [11] 2885-93 (2009).
crossref
26. “Lightweight Aggregates and its Test Methods-Part1: Lightweight Aggregates,” PRC National Standard NO. GB/T1743121, (2010).

27. GR. Xu, JZ. Zou, and GB. Li, “Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Sludge Ceramsite,” Water Res, 44 [9] 2930-38 (2010).
crossref
TOOLS
PDF Links  PDF Links
PubReader  PubReader
ePub Link  ePub Link
Full text via DOI  Full text via DOI
Download Citation  Download Citation
  Print
Share:      
METRICS
6
Crossref
10
Scopus
6,672
View
152
Download
Related article
Editorial Office
Meorijae Bldg., Suite # 403, 76, Bangbae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06704, Korea
TEL: +82-2-584-0185   FAX: +82-2-586-4582   E-mail: ceramic@kcers.or.kr
About |  Browse Articles |  Current Issue |  For Authors and Reviewers
Copyright © The Korean Ceramic Society.                      Developed in M2PI